Constructing Manhood, Performing Power: Hegemonic and Toxic Masculinities in Northeast India

Abstract

Masculinity is not merely a biological condition of being male but a social process through which societies define what it means to be a man. Ideas of manhood are shaped by family, community, religion, customary institutions, political structures, economic conditions and cultural traditions. This paper examines the construction of masculinity in Northeast India, with particular attention to hegemonic and toxic forms of masculinity. It argues that there is no single model of masculinity in the region because Northeast India is socially, culturally and historically diverse. Masculine identities are produced differently across patrilineal, matrilineal and politically distinct communities. The paper examines customary institutions, origin myths, folktales, warrior traditions, headhunting, colonialism, Christianity, militarisation, ethnic politics, migration, queer identities and contemporary digital cultures to understand how ideas of manhood have changed over time. Particular attention is given to Naga and Mao contexts, with examples from Khasi, Mizo, Meitei and other communities used comparatively. The paper also draws on a small exploratory questionnaire involving men in their twenties and thirties to understand contemporary ideas of the “real man.” The paper argues that qualities such as courage, strength, independence, responsibility and leadership are not inherently harmful. They become problematic when linked to domination, violence, emotional suppression, misogyny, homophobia or the exclusion of others. Toxic masculinity in Northeast India should therefore be understood historically and contextually rather than as an inherent characteristic of men or Indigenous societies.